Brihad Parasar Hora Sastra Ch. 3. Grah Characters and Description

 

Ch. 3. Grah Characters and Description अथ ग्रहगुणस्वरूपाध्यायः॥३॥

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कथितं भवता प्रेम्णा ग्रहावतरणं मुने।

तेषं गुणस्वरूपाद्यं कृपया कथ्यतां पुनः॥ १॥

1. Maitreya: “O Mahārishi, you have affectionately explained about the incarnations of Grahas. Now kindly detail their characters and dispositions.

शृणु विप्र प्रवक्ष्यामि भग्रहाणां परिस्थितिम्‌।

आकाशे यानि दृश्यन्ते ज्योतिर्बिम्बात्यनेकशः॥ २॥

तेषु नक्षत्रसंज्ञानि ग्रहसंज्ञानि कानिचित्‌।

तानि नक्षत्रनामानि स्थिरस्थानानि यानि चै॥ ३॥

2-3. Paraśar: “O Brahmin, listen to the account of placement of the heavenly bodies. Out of the many luminous bodies sighted in the skies some are stars, yet some are Grahas. Those, that have no movements, are the Nakshatras (asterisms).

गच्छन्तो भानि गृह्णन्ति सततं ये तु ते ग्रहः।‌।

भचक्रस्य नगाश्व्यंशा अश्विन्यादिसमाह्वयाः॥ ४॥

तद्‌द्वादशविभागास्तु तुल्य मेषादिसंज्ञकाः।‌।

प्रसिद्धा राशयः सन्ति ग्रहास्त्वर्कादिसंज्ञकाः॥ ५॥

राशीनामुदयो लग्नं तद्वशादेव जन्मिनाम्‌।

ग्रहयोग्वियोगाभ्यां फलं चिन्त्यं शुभाशुभम्‌॥ ६॥

4-6. Those are called ‘Grahas’, that move through the Nakshatras (or stellar mansions) in the zodiac. The said zodiac comprises of 27 Nakshatras commencing from Ashvini.
The same area is divided in 12 parts equal to 12 ‘Rāśis’ commencing from Mesh.
The names of the Grahas commence from Sūrya. The Rāśi rising is known, as ‘Lagn’. Based on Lagn and the Grahas, joining and departing from each other, the native’s good and bad effects are deducted.

Addition from Santhanam till Sloka 7. The names of the 27 Nakshatras are
Ashvini, Bharani, Krittika, Rohini, Mrigasira, Ardra, Punarvasu, Pushya, Aslesha, Magha, Purvaphalguni, Uttaraphalguni, Hasta, Chitra, Swati, Vishaka, Anuradha, Jyeshtha, Mula, Purvashadh, Uttarashadh, Shravana, Dhanishtha, Satabhisha, Purvabhadra, Uttarabhadra, Revati.

Lagn is a very important point in the horoscope. It is the Rāśi, that rises in the East, on the latitude of birth. The apparent rising of a Rāśi is due to the rotation of the earth on its own axis at a rate of motion, causing every degree of the zodiac seemingly ascend on the eastern horizon.

Approximately, two hours are required for a Rāśi to pass via the horizon, thereby every degree taking four minutes to ascend. This duration, however, is actually dependent on the concerned latitude.

Actually Sūrya has no motion. His motion is an apparent one, as viewed from the rotating earth. Other Grahas, including the nodes, have varied rates of motion.
The average daily motions of the Grahas, which are not, however standard, are, as follows:
 Sūrya 1,
Candr 13-15,
Mangal 30-45’,
Budh 65-100’,
Śukr 62-82’,
Guru 5-15’,
Śani 2’,
Rahu/Ketu 3’.

With such different motions, a Grah forms various Drishtis with others. These Drishtis through longitudinal distances have a great deal of utility in Jyotish. This is what Maharishi Parashar suggests to be considered.

संज्ञा नक्षत्रवृन्दानां ज्ञेयाः सामान्यशास्त्रतः।

एतच्छास्त्रानुसारेण राशिखेटफलं ब्रुवे॥ ७॥

7. Details (of astronomical nature) of stars have to be understood by general rules, while I narrate to you about the effects of Grahas and Rāśis.

यस्मिन्‌ काले यतः खेटा यान्ति दृग्‌गणितैकताम्‌।

तत एव स्फुटाः कार्याः दिक्कालौ च स्फुटौ विद॥ ८॥

स्वस्वदेशोद्‌भवैः साध्यं लग्नं राश्युदयैः स्फुटम्‌।

अथादौ वच्मि खेटानां जातिरूपगुणानहम्‌॥ ९॥

8-9. The positions of the Grahas for a given time be taken, as per Drikganit. And with the help of Rāśi durations, applicable to the respective places, Lagn at birth should be known. Now, I tell you about the castes, descriptions and dispositions of the Grahas.

अथ खेटा रविश्चन्द्रो मङ्गलश्च बुधस्तथा।

गुरुः शुक्रः शनी राहुः केतुश्चैते यथाक्रमम्‌॥ १०॥

10. Names of Grahas. The names of the nine Grahas, respectively, are Sūrya, Candr, Mangal, Budh, Guru, Śukr, Śani, Rahu and Ketu.
Parashara makes extensive reference to this order of the grahas throughout his commentary.

Alternate names for the grahas are:
• Sun -Surya, Arka, Ravi, Bhaskara, Bhanu.
• Moon -Chandra, Soma, Indu.
• Mars -Mangala, Kuja, Bhumiputra, Bhuputra, Dharatmaja, Bhauma.
• Mercury -Budha, Somasuta, Saumya, Sasija.
• Jupiter -Guru, Brihaspati, Jiva.
• Venus -Shukra, Brighu, Bhargava.
• Saturn -Sani, Bhaskaraputra, Chayasunu, Raviputra, Sauri.
• Rahu -Svarbhanu.
• Ketu -Shikhi.

तत्रार्कशनिभूपुत्राः क्षीणेन्दुराहुकेतवः।

क्रूराः शेषग्रहा सौम्याः क्रूरः क्रूरयुतो बुधः॥ ११॥

11. Benefics and Malefics. Among these, Sūrya, Śani, Mangal, decreasing Candr, Rahu and Ketu (the ascending and the descending nodes of Candr) are malefics, while the rest are benefics. Budh, however, is a malefic, if he joins a malefic.

Addition from Santhanam till Sloka 12-13.
When Candr is ahead of Sūrya, but within 120, she has medium strength. Between 120 to 240 she is very auspicious,( see ‘Atishubhapred’).
From 240 to 0 she is bereft of strength. This is Yavanas’ view, This view is, however, related to Candr’s strength, or otherwise, while waning Candr (Krishna Paksh, dark half) is a malefic and waxing Candr (Shukla Paksh, bright half) is a benefic.
Should Candr be Yuti with a benefic, or receiving a Drishti from a benefic, she turns a benefic, even if in a waning state.
As regards Budh, we have clear instructions from Maharishi Parashar, that he becomes a malefic, if he joins a malefic. If waning Candr and Budh are together, both are benefics.

सर्वात्मा च दिवानाथो मनः कुमुदबान्धवः।

सत्त्वं कुजो बुधैः प्रोक्तो बुधो वाणीप्रदायकः॥ १२॥

देवेज्यो ज्ञानसुखदो भृगुर्वीर्यप्रदयकः।

ऋषिभिः प्राक्‌तनैः प्रोक्तश्छायासूनुश्च दुःखदः॥ १३॥

12-13. Grah governances. Sūrya is the soul of all. Candr is the mind. Mangal is one’s strength. Budh is speech-giver, while Guru confers Knowledge and happiness. Śukr governs semen (potency), while Śani denotes grief.
The lord of the sky (Sun) is all atma.Kumudabandhava is the mind. Kuja is sattva.Budha is spoken of as the clever giver of language.
In this verse and the next our Sage elucidates each graha with a succinct one or two word description.
The Sun is all atma. Atma is consciousness, the essence of the self or soul. All atma come from Paramatma, the ultimate, universal Self. The individual self finds enlightenment in the realisation of its status as the universal Self.
The Moon is mind. The Moon reflects the light of the Sun in the same way that the mind reflects the light of consciousness.
Mars is sattva. Sattva is energy in its purest, most powerful and creative form. This energy gives rise to dynamic activity.
Mercury is the giver of language, both spoken and written. Language is intimately connected with the intellect.

Devejya is the bliss of knowledge. Bhrigugives virility, so say the ancient seers. Whilst Chayasunu brings grief.

Jupiter is blissful knowledge. Knowledge is structured in consciousness and the experience of complete knowledge is the experience of the bliss of unbounded awareness.

Venus is virility, the power of reproduction.

Saturn brings grief, suffering, misery.

रविचन्द्रौ तु राजानौ नेता ज्ञेयो धरात्मजः।

बुधो राजकुमारश्च सचिवौ गुरुभार्गवौ॥ १४॥

प्रेष्यको रविपुत्रश्च सेना स्वर्भानुपुच्छकौ।

एवं क्रमेण वै विप्र सूर्यादीन्‌ प्रविचिन्तयेत्‌॥ १५॥

14-15. Grah cabinet. Of royal status are Sūrya and Candr, while Mangal is the Army chief. Prince-apparent is Budh. The ministerial Grahas are Guru and Śukr. Śani is a servant. Rahu and Ketu form the Grah Army.
Ravi and Chandra are King and Queen.Dharatmaja is the Commander-in-chief.Budha is the Prince whilst Guru and Bhargavaare both Councellors to the King.
The King has the power and authority to form government.
The Queen is affluent, sociable and has influence with the public.
The Commander-in-chief is courageous, ambitious, aggressive, has enemies and actson the authority of the King.
The Prince is young and is a mediator and a diplomat.
Jupiter counsels on matters of justice, finance and education.
Whilst Venus advises on culture and the arts.

Raviputra is a servant. Svarbhanu and its tail (Ketu) form an army. In this way, step by step, we come to understand Surya and the other grahas.

Saturn serves the needs of others.

Whilst the army of Rahu and Ketu is directed by others.

रक्तश्यामो दिवाधीशो गौरगात्रो निशाकरः।

नात्युच्चाङ्गः कुजो रक्तो दूर्वाश्यामो बुधस्तथा॥ १६॥

गौरगात्रो गुरुर्ज्ञेयः शुक्रः श्यावस्तथैव च।

कृष्णदेहो रवेः पुत्रो ज्ञायते द्विजसत्तम॥ १७॥

16-17. Complexions of Grahas. Sūrya is blood-red. Candr is tawny. Mangal, who is not very tall is blood-red, while Budh’s hue is akin to that of green grass. Tawny, variegated and dark are Guru, Śukr and Śani in their order.

वह्न्यम्बुशिखिजा विष्णुविढौजः शचिका द्विज।
सूर्यादीनां खगानां च देवा ज्ञेयाः क्रमेण च॥ १८॥

18. Deities of Grahas. Fire (Agni) (?), Water (Varuna), Subrahmanya (Lord Shiva’s son, following Ganesh), Maha Vishnu, Indra, Shachi Devi (the consort of Lord Indra) and Brahma (?) are the presiding deities of the 7 Grahas in their order.

क्लीवौ द्वौ सौम्यसौरी च युवतीन्दुभृगू द्विज।
नराः शेषाश्च विज्ञेया भानुर्भौमो गुरुस्तथा॥ १९॥

19. Gender of the Grahas. Budh and Śani are neuters. Candr and Śukr are females, while Sūrya, Mangal and Guru are males.

अग्निभूमिनभस्तोयवायवः क्रमतो द्विज।
भौमादीनां ग्रहाणां च तत्त्वानीति यथाक्रमम्‌॥ २०॥

20. Primordial compounds. The Panchabhutas, space, air, fire, water and earth, are, respectively, governed by Guru, Śani, Mangal, Śukr and Budh.

गुरुशुक्रौ विप्रवर्णौ कुजार्कौ क्षत्रियौ द्विज।
शशिसोम्यौ वैश्यवर्णौ शनिः शूद्रो द्विजोत्तम्॥ २१॥

21. Castes of Grahas. Guru and Śukr are Brahmins. Sūrya is a royal Grah, while Candr and Budh belong to commercial community. Śani rules the Sudras (4th caste).

जीवसूर्येन्द्रवः सत्त्वं बुधशुक्रौ रजस्तथा।
सूर्यपुत्रधरापुत्रौ तमःप्रकृतिकौ द्विज॥ २२॥

22. Sattvic Grahas are the luminaries and Guru, Śukr and Budh are Rajasik, while Mangal and Śani are Tamasic.

मधुपिङ्गलदृक्सूर्यश्चतुरस्रः शुचिर्द्विज।
पित्तप्रकृतिको धीमान्‌ पुमानल्पकचो द्विज॥ २३॥

23. Description of Sūrya. Sūrya’s eyes are honey-coloured. He has a square body. He is of clean habits, bilious, intelligent and has limited hair (on his head).

बहुवातकफः प्राज्ञश्चन्द्रो वृत्ततनुर्द्विज।
शुभदृङ्‌मधुवाक्यश्च चञ्चलो मदनातुरः॥ २४॥
24. Description of Candr. Candr is very windy and phlegmatic. She is learned and has a round body. She has auspicious looks and sweet speech, is fickle-minded and very lustful.

क्रूरो रक्तेक्षणो भौमश्चपलोदारमूर्तिकः।
पित्तप्रकृतिकः क्रोधी कृशमध्यतनुर्द्विज॥ २५॥
25. Description of Mangal. Mangal has blood-red eyes, is fickle-minded, liberal, bilious, given to anger and has thin waist and thin physique.

वपुःश्रेष्ठः श्लिष्टवाक्च ह्यतिहास्यरुचिर्बुधः।
पित्तवान्‌ कफवान्‌ विप्र मारुतप्रकृतिस्तथा॥ २६॥
26. Description of Budh. Budh is endowed with an attractive physique and the capacity to use words with many meanings. He is fond of jokes. He has a mix of all the three humours.

बृहद्‌गात्रो गुरुश्चैव पिङ्गलो मूर्द्धजेक्षणे।
कफप्रकृतिको धीमान्‌ सर्वशास्त्रविशारदः॥ २७॥
27. Description of Guru. Guru has a big body, tawny hair and tawny eyes, is phlegmatic, intelligent and learned in Shastras.

सुखि कान्तवपु श्रेष्ठः सुलोचनो भृगोः सुतः।
काव्यकर्ता कफाधिक्योऽनिलात्मा वक्रमूर्धजः॥ २८॥
28. Description of Śukr. Śukr is charming, has a splendourous physique, is excellent, or great in disposition, has charming eyes, is a poet, is phlegmatic and windy and has curly hair.

कृश्दीर्घतनुः शौरिः पिङ्गदृष्ट्यनिलात्मकः।
स्थूलदन्तोऽलसः पंगुः खररोमकचो द्विज॥ २९॥
29. Description of Śani. Śani has an emaciated and long physique, has tawny eyes, is windy in temperament, has big teeth, is indolent and lame and has coarse hair.

धूम्राकारो नीलतनुर्वनस्थोऽपि भयंकरः।
वातप्रकृतिको धीमान्‌ स्वर्भानुस्तत्समः शिखी॥ ३०॥
30. Description of Rahu and Ketu. Rahu has smoky appearance with a blue mix physique. He resides in forests and is horrible. He is windy in temperament and is intelligent. Ketu is akin to Rahu.

अस्थि रक्तस्तथा मज्जा त्वग्‌ वसा वीर्यमेव च।
स्नायुरेषामधीशाश्च क्रमात्‌ सूर्यादयो द्विज॥ ३१॥
31. Primary ingredients (or Sapth Dhatus). Bones, blood, marrow, skin, fat, semen and muscles are, respectively, denoted by the Grahas: Sūrya, Candr, Mangal, Budh, Guru, Śukr and Śani.

देवालयजलं वह्निक्रीडादीनां तथैव च।
कोशशय्योत्कराणान्तु नाथां सूर्यादयः क्रमात्‌॥ ३२॥
32. Abodes of the Grahas. Temple, watery place, place of fire, sport-ground, treasure-house, bed-room and filthy ground: these are, respectively, the abodes for the seven Grahas from Sūrya onward.

अयनक्षणवारर्तुमासपक्षसमा द्विज।
सूर्यादीनां क्रमाज्ज्ञेया निर्विशंकं द्विजोत्तम॥ ३३॥
33. Grah periods. Ayan, Muhurta, a day (consisting day and night), Ritu, month, fortnight and year: these are the periods allotted to the Grahas from Sūrya to Śani.

कटुक्षारतिक्तमिश्रमधुराम्लकषायकाः।
क्रमेण सर्वे विज्ञेयाः सूर्यादीनां रसा इति॥ ३४॥
34. Tastes of the Grahas. Pungent, saline, bitter, mixed, sweet, acidulous and astringent are, respectively, tastes lorded by Sūrya, Candr, Mangal, Budh, Guru, Śukr and Śani.

बुधेज्यौ बलिनौ पूर्वे रविभौमौ च दक्षिणे।
पश्चिमे सूर्यपुत्रश्च सितचन्द्रौ तथोत्तरे॥ ३५॥
निशायां बलिनश्चन्द्रकुजसौरा भवन्ति हि।
सर्वदा ज्ञो बली ज्ञेयो दिने शेषा द्विजोत्तम॥ ३६॥
कृष्णे च बलिनः क्रूराः सौम्या वीर्ययुताः सिते।
सौम्यायने सौम्यखेटो बली याम्यायनेऽपरः॥ ३७॥
वर्षमासाहहोराणां पतयो बलिनस्तथा।
शमंबुगुशुचंराद्या वृद्धितो वीर्यवत्तरः॥ ३८॥
35-38. Strengths of Grahas. Strong in the East are Budh and Guru. Sūrya and Mangal are so in the South, while Śani is the only Grah, that derives strength in the West. Candr and Śukr are endowed with vigour, when in the North. Again, strong during night are Candr, Mangal and Śani, while Budh is strong during day and night. The rest (i.e. Guru, Sūrya and Śukr) are strong only in daytime. During the dark half malefics are strong. Benefics acquire strength in the bright half of the month. Malefics and benefics are, respectively, strong in Dakshinayan and Uttarayan. The Lords of the year, month, day and Hora (hour of Grah) are stronger than the other in ascending order. Again, stronger than the other in the ascending are Śani, Mangal, Budh, Guru, Śukr, Candr and Sūrya.

सूर्ये जनयति स्थूलान्‌ दुर्भगान्‌ सूर्यपुत्रकः।
क्षीरोपेतांस्तथा चन्द्रः कटुकाद्यान्‌ धरासुतः॥ ३९॥
पुष्पवृक्षं भृगोः पुत्रे गुरुज्ञौ सफलाफलौ।
नीरसान्‌ सूर्यपुत्रश्च एवं ज्ञेयाः खगा द्विज॥ ४०॥
39-40. Related to trees. Sūrya rules strong trees (i.e. trees with stout trunks), Śani useless trees, Candr milky trees (and rubber yielding plants), Mangal bitter ones (like lemon plants), Śukr floral plants, Guru fruitful ones and Budh fruitless ones.

राहुश्चाण्डालजातिश्च केतुर्जात्यन्तरस्तथा।
शिखिस्वर्भानुमन्दानां वल्मीकः स्थानमुच्यते॥ ४१॥
चित्रकन्था फनीन्द्रस्य केतुश्छिद्रयुतो द्विज।
सीसं रहोर्नीलमणिः केतोर्ज्ञेयो द्विजोत्तम॥ ४२॥
गुरोः पीताम्बरं विप्र भृगोः क्षौमं तथैव च।
रक्तक्षौमं भास्करस्य इन्दोः क्षौमं सितं द्विज॥ ४३॥
बुधस्य कृष्णक्षौमं तु रक्तवस्त्रं कुजस्य च।
वस्त्रं चित्रं शनेर्विप्र पट्‌तवस्त्रं तथैव च॥ ४४॥
41-44. Other matters. Rahu rules the outcaste, while Ketu governs mixed caste. Śani and the nodes indicate ant-hills. Rahu denotes multi-coloured clothes and Ketu rags. Lead and blue gem belong to Rahu and Ketu. Sūrya, Candr, Mangal, Budh, Guru, Śukr and Śani in their order govern red silken, white silken, red, black silken, saffron, silken and multi-coloured robes.

भृगोरृतुर्वसन्तश्च कुजभान्वोश्च ग्रीष्मकः।
चन्द्रस्य वर्षा विज्ञेया शरच्चैव तथा विदः॥ ४५॥
हेमन्तोऽपि गुरोर्ज्ञेयः शनेस्तु शिशिरो द्विज।
अष्टौ मासाश्च स्वर्भानोः केतोर्मासत्रयं द्विज॥ ४६॥
45-46. Seasons of Grahas. Vasanta, Greeshma, Varsh, Sarad, Hemanta and Sisir are the six Ritus (or seasons), respectively, governed by Śukr, Mangal, Candr, Budh, Guru and Śani. Rahu and Ketu denote 8 months and 3 months, respectively.

राह्वारपंगुचन्द्रश्च विज्ञेया धातुखेचराः।
मूलग्रहौ सूर्यशुक्रौ अपरा जीवसंज्ञकाः॥ ४७॥
47. Dhatu, Mool and Jiva Divisions. Dhatu Grahas are Rahu, Mangal, Śani and Candr, while Sūrya and Śukr are Mula Grahas. Budh, Guru and Ketu rule Jivas.

ग्रहेषु मन्दो वृद्धोऽस्ति आयुर्वृद्धिप्रदायकः।
नैसर्गिके बहुसमान्‌ ददाति द्विजसत्तम॥ ४८॥
48. Age. Out of all the Grahas Śani is the eldest. He bestows maximum number of years in Naisargik Dasha.

मेषो वृषो मृगः कन्या कर्को मीनस्तथा तुला।
सूर्यादीनां क्रमादेते कथिता उच्चराश्यः॥ ४९॥
भागा दश त्रयोऽष्टाश्व्यस्तिथ्योऽक्षा भमिता नखाः।
उच्चात्‌ सप्तमभं नीचं तैरेवांशैः प्रकीर्तितम्‌॥ ५०॥
49-50. Exaltation and Debilitation. For the seven Grahas, from Sūrya on, the exaltation Rāśis are, respectively, Mesh, Vrishabh, Makar, Kanya, Kark, Meen and Tula. The deepest exaltation degrees are, respectively, 10, 3, 28, 15, 5, 27 and 20 in those Rāśis. And in the seventh Rāśi from the said exaltation Rāśi each Grah has its own debilitation. The same degrees of deep exaltation apply to deep fall.

रवेः सिम्हे नखांशाश्च त्रिकोणमपरे स्वभम्‌।
उच्चमिन्दोर्वृषे त्र्यंशास्त्रिकोणमपरेंऽशकाः॥ ५१॥
मेषेऽर्कांशास्तु भौमस्य त्रिकोणमपरे स्वभम्‌।
उच्चं बुधस्य कन्यायामुक्तं पञ्चदशांशकाः॥ ५२॥
ततः पञ्चांशकाः प्रोक्तं त्रिकोणमपरे स्वभम्‌।
चापे दशांशा जीवस्य त्रिकोणमपरे स्वभम्‌॥ ५३॥
तुले शुक्रस्य तिथ्यंशास्त्रिकोणमपरे स्वभम्‌।
शनेः कुम्भे नखांशाश्च त्रिकोणमपरे स्वभम्‌॥ ५४॥
51-54. Additional Dignities. In Simh the first 20 degrees are Sūrya’s Mooltrikon, while the rest is his own Bhava. After the first 3 degrees of exaltation portion in Vrishabh, for Candr, the rest is her Mooltrikon. Mangal has the first 12 degrees in Mesh, as Mooltrikon with the rest therein becoming simply his own Bhava. For Budh, in Kanya the first 15 degrees are exaltation zone, the next 5 degrees Mooltrikon and the last 10 degrees are own Bhava. The first one third of Dhanu is the Mooltrikon of Guru, while the remaining part thereof is his own Bhava. Śukr divides Tula into two halves keeping the first, as Mooltrikon and the second, as own Bhava. Śani’s arrangements are same in Kumbh, as Sūrya has in Simh.

त्रिकोणात्‌ स्वात्‌सुखस्वाऽन्त्यधीधर्मायुःस्वतुङ्गपाः।
सुहृदो रिपवश्वान्ये समाश्चोभयलक्षणाः॥ ५५॥
55. Natural Relationships. Note the Rāśis, which are the 2nd, 4th, 5th, 8th, 9th and 12th from the Mooltrikon of a Grah. The Grahas ruling such Rāśis are its friends, apart from the Lord of its exaltation Rāśi. Lords other than these are its enemies. If a Grah becomes its friend as well, as its enemy (on account of the said two computations), then it is neutral, or equal.

दशबन्ध्वायसहजस्वान्त्यस्थास्तु परस्परम्‌।
तत्काले मित्रतां यान्ति रिपवोऽन्यत्र संस्थिताः॥ ५६॥
56. Temporary Relationships. The Grah, posited in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 10th, 11th, or the 12th from another, becomes a mutual friend. There is enmity otherwise. (This applies to a given Janm Kundali)

तत्काले च निसर्गे च मित्रं चेदधिमित्रकम्‌।
मित्रं मित्रसमत्वे तु शत्रुः शत्रुसमत्वके॥ ५७॥
तत्काले च निसर्गे च मित्रं चेदधिमित्रकम्‌।
मित्रं मित्रसमत्वे तु शत्रुः शत्रुसमत्वके॥ ५७॥
57-58. Compound Relationship. Should two Grahas be naturally and temporarily friendly, they become extremely friendly. Friendship on one count and neutrality on another count make them friendly. Enmity on one count combined with affinity on the other turns into equality. Enmity and neutralship cause only enmity. Should there be enmity in both manners, extreme enmity is obtained. The Jyotishi should consider these and declare horoscopic effects accordingly.

स्वोच्चे शुभं फलं पूर्ण त्रिकोणे पादवर्जितम्‌।
स्वर्क्षेऽर्धं मित्रगेहे तु पादमात्रं प्रकीर्तितम्‌॥ ५९॥
पादार्धं समभे प्रोक्तं शून्यं नीचास्तशत्रुभे।
तद्वद्‌दुष्टफलं ब्रूयद्‌ व्यत्ययेन विचक्षणः॥ ६०॥
59-60. Ratio of Effects. A Grah in exaltation gives fully good effects, while in Mooltrikon it is bereft of its auspicious effects by one fourth. It is half beneficial in its own Bhava. Its beneficence is one fourth in a friendly Rāśi. In an equal’s Rāśi one eighth of auspicious disposition is useful. The good effects are nil in debilitation, or enemy’s camp. Inauspicious effects are quite reverse with reference to what is stated.

गुलिकारम्भ काले यत्स्फुटंतज्जन्मकालिकम्।
गुलिकं प्रोच्यते तस्माज्जातकस्य फलं वदेत्।।
61-64. Non-luminous UpaGrahas (Sub-Grahas). Add 4 Rāśis 13 degrees and 20 minutes of arc to Sūrya’s longitude at a given moment to get the exact position of the all inauspicious Dhoom. Reduce Dhoom from 12 Rāśis to arrive at Vyatipat. Vyatipat is also inauspicious. Add six Rāśis to Vyatipat to know the position of Parivesh. He is extremely inauspicious. Deduct Parivesh from 12 Rāśis to arrive at the position of Chap (Indra Dhanus), who is also inauspicious. Add 16 degrees 40 minutes to Chap, which will give Ketu (UpaKetu), who is a malefic. By adding a Rāśi to UpaKetu, you get the original longitude of Sūrya. These are the Grahas, devoid of splendour, which are malefics by nature and cause affliction.

65. Effects of Sub-Grahas. If one of these afflicts Sūrya, the native’s dynasty will decline, while Candr and Lagn, respectively, associated with one of these, will destroy the longevity and wisdom. So declared Lord Brahma, the Lotus-Born.

66-69. Calculations of Gulik etc. The portions of Sūrya etc. up to Śani denote the periods of Gulik and others. Divide the day duration (of any week day) into eight equal parts. The eighth portion is Lord-less. The seven portions are distributed to the seven Grahas commencing from the Lord of the week day. Whichever portion is ruled by Śani, will be the portion of Gulik. Similarly make the night duration into eight equal parts and distribute these, commencing from the Lord of the 5th (by) week. Here again, the eighth portion is Lord-less, while Śani’s portion is Gulik. Sūrya’s portion is Kaal, Mangal’s portion is Mrityu, Guru’s portion is Yamaghantak and Budh’s portion is Ardhaprahar. These durations differently apply to different places (commensurate with variable day and night durations).

70. Gulik’s Position. The degree, ascending at the time of start of Gulik’s portion (as above), will be the longitude of Gulik at a given place. Based on this longitude only, Gulik’s effects for a particular nativity be estimated.

71-74. Calculation of Pranapad. Convert the given time into Vighatis and divide the same by 15. The resultant Rāśi, degrees etc. be added to Sūrya, if he is in a Movable Rāśi, which will yield Pranapad. If Sūrya is in a Fixed Rāśi, add 240 degrees additionally and, if in a Dual Rāśi, add 120 degrees in furtherance to get Pranapad. The birth will be auspicious, if Pranapad falls in the 2nd, 5th, 9th, 4th, 10th, or 11th from the natal Lagn. In other Bhavas Pranapad indicates an inauspicious birth.

Notes. Ardhaprahar, Yamaghantak, Mrityu, Kaal and Gulik are the 5 Kaal Velas, suggested by Maharishi Parashar. The day duration, according to altitude, is divided into eight equal parts. The eighth portion is unlorded. The first portion is allotted to the weekday Lord. Other portions follow in the order of weekday Lords. We consider 5 portions of Grahas, ignoring that of Candr and Śukr. The portions of Sūrya, Mangal, Budh, Guru and Śani are, respectively, called Kaal, Mrityu, Ardhaprahar, Yamaghantak and Gulik.

In the case of night the durations, or 1/8th parts are allotted in a different order. The first portion goes to the Grah, ruling the 5th weekday Lord, counted from the day in question. The others follow in the usual order. Here again, the 8th part is Lord-less. The portions of Grahas from Kaal to Gulik are the same in nomenclature in the night also.

Keeranuru NataRaja of Jatakalankaram (Tamil version) gives Rāśis of dignities for these UpaGrahas and Gulik etc. (UpaGrah & Gulik etc.: Exaltation, Debilitation, Swakshetra (own Rāśi)) Dhoom: Simh, Kumbh, Makar; Vyatipat: Vrischik, Vrishabh, Mithun; Parivesh: Mithun, Dhanu, Dhanu; Indrachap: Dhanu, Mithun, Kark; UpaKetu: Kumbh, Simh, Kark; Gulik: -, -, Kumbh; Yamaghantak: -, -, Dhanu; Ardhaprahar: -, -, Mithun; Kaal: -, -, Makar; Mrityu: -, -, Vrischik.

From Sūrya to Śani no one is exalted in the above-mentioned exaltation Rāśis, nor debilitated in the above-mentioned debilitation Rāśis.

Out of the 5 Kaal Velas, viz. Gulik etc., four except Kaal (related to Sūrya) have their own Rāśi system in the respective Rāśis, ruled by their fathers. Gulik, son of Śani, has Kumbh, as his own Bhava. Guru’s son, Yamaghantak, has it in Dhanu. Ardhaprahar, Budh’s son, is in own Rāśi, if in Mithun. Mrityu, son of Mangal, has Vrischik, as own Bhava. It is not known, why Kaal, a son of Sūrya shifted to Makar, a Rāśi of his brother (Śani), leaving his father’s Simh. Obviously, Śani has given his Mooltrikon to his son Gulik, while he gave Makar (a secondary Rāśi) to his ‘brother’ Kaal.